Classic Tales from Early Boston (episode 164)

In lieu of a brand new story, this week we are sharing two classic tales from the earliest years of Puritan Boston.  One of them might be considered comedy, while the other is high drama. First, we’ll visit the diaries of Boston founder John Winthrop and find two accounts of unexplained lights in the sky and other phenomena that might have been the first UFO sightings in Boston.  After that, we’ll fast forward to the era of the English Civil Wars, when two men who had signed the death warrant for a king decided that Boston was the only safe refuge from his heir’s assassins.


Puritan UFOs

Hunting the King Killers

18th Century texts & primary sources

Scholarly articles

Popular press

Our header image is the death warrant for King Charles I.  See the signatures of Whalley (far left) and Goffe (center) highlighted below.

Boston Book Club

Our pick for the Boston Book Club this week is a recent episode of the podcast In episode 267 of the podcast Ben Franklin’s World, host Liz Covart interviews Thomas Wickman, the author of a book called Snowshoe Country: An Environmental and Cultural History of Winter in the Early Northeast.  Set mostly in the 17th and early 18th century, the book outlines what winter was like at that time, and how the residents of New England, both Native and English, experienced it.  While it obviously covers a much wider geography than just Boston, Boston does play a part.

Wickman shares stories of violent winter storms where the tides rose so quickly around Boston’s wharves that the ice pack heaved and damaged the piers.  There were stories of three Native Americans who died of hypothermia on Boston Neck after getting caught in an unexpected storm. And even the stories that range farther afield tell us more about early New England, and early Boston.  Learn how Native Americans used specialized snowshoes to thrive in their winter hunting grounds, and how English settlers later adopted the same technology to send military patrols into those same hunting grounds, disrupting Native food sources.

Upcoming Event

Our friends at Boston By Foot have partnered with both Sam Adams and Democracy Brewing to create Tastings and Tales, a whole series of historically inspired beer tastings.  They have one tasting planned with each brewery in the months of January, February, and March.  If you’re as bad at math as I am, that’s a total of six tastings. The historical subjects for each event span a wide range. At Sam Adams, you will hear about the early history of beer in Boston in January; then fun historical tales in February, including Faneuil Hall’s golden grasshopper weather vane, the state’s sacred cod, and more; and then finally in March the topic will be the remarkable women of Jamaica Plain.  

Over at Democracy Brewing, the first tasting will be structured around the stories that inspired the names of their beers, including James Michael Curley, pullman porters, and labor organizers; February will bring tales of community solidarity; and the topic in March will be radical women like Lucy Stone and Melnea Cass, not too different from what’s happening over at Sam Adams.  All the events at Democracy will begin at 2pm on Sundays, while the Sam Adams tastings will be held at 6pm on Mondays. Each tasting will be $20, and they are, obviously, 21+. 

Transcript

Music

Jake:
[0:04] Welcome Toe Hub history, where we go far beyond the Freedom Trail to share our favorite stories from the history of Boston. The Hub of the Universe. This is Episode 1 64 Classic Tales from Early Boston Hi, I’m Jake.
This week, I’m going to be sharing two classic tales from the earliest years of Puritan Boston.
One of them might be considered comedy, but the other one is pure high drama.
First, we’ll visit the diaries of Boston founder John Winthrop and find two accounts of unexplained lights in the sky and other phenomena that might have been the first UFO sightings in Boston.

[0:43] After that, we’ll fast forward to the era of the English Civil Wars, when two men who’d signed the death warrant for A King decided that Boston was the only safe refuge from his heirs Assassins.
But before we share these classic tales, it’s time for this week’s Boston Book Club selection and our upcoming historical event.

[1:04] My pick for the Boston Book Club this week is a recent episode of the podcast Ben Franklin’s World in Episode 1 67 Host Liz Covert interviews Thomas Wickman, author of a book called Snowshoe Country.
An environmental and cultural history of winter and the early Northeast set mostly in the 17th and early 18th centuries.
The book outlines what winner was like that time and how the residents of New England, both native and English, experienced it well. It obviously covers a much wider geography than just Boston. Boston does play a part.

[1:40] Wickman share stories of violent winter storms where the ties rose so quickly around Boston’s dwarves that the ice pack heaved and damaged the piers.
There were stories of three Native Americans who died of hypothermia in Boston neck after getting caught in an unexpected store and even the stories that range farther afield tell us more about early New England and thus early Boston.
Learn how Native Americans use specialized snowshoes to thrive in their winter hunting grounds and learn how English settlers later adopted the same technology to send military patrols into the same hunting grounds, disrupting native food sources.
Even if you don’t get a chance to check out the book, you can learn a lot from the podcast. That’s been Franklin’s world Episode 1 67.

[2:28] And for the upcoming event this week, I have a whole series of historically inspired beer tastings from our friends at Boston by foot.
They’ve partnered with both Sam Adams and Democracy Brewing, and they have one tasting plan with each brewery in the months of January, February and March.
If you’re as bad at math as I am, that’s a total of six tastings.

[2:50] The historical subjects for each of in span, a wide range. It’s Sam Adams.
You’ll hear about the early history of beer in Boston in January, then fund historical tales in February, including Faneuil Hall is Golden Grasshopper Weathervane, the state’s sacred cod and Maur.
And then finally, in March, the topic will be their remarkable women of Jamaica Plain over a democracy brewing.
The first taste will be structured around the stories that inspired the names of their beers, including James Michael Curley, Pullman porters and labor organizers.
February brings tales of community solidarity, and the topic in March will be radical women like Lucy Stone in Melania CASS, not too different from what’s happening over it.
Sam Adams all the events that democracy will begin at two PM on Sundays, while the Sam Adams tastings will be held at 6 p.m. On Mondays.
Each tasting will be $20 they’re obviously 21 plus head overto hub history dot com slash 164 To find a link to the complete schedule and ticket information,
we’ll also have a link to the Ben Franklin’s world episode about the history of winter in New England, this week’s Boston Book Club pick.

[4:00] We hope you enjoy the classic episodes we’ve picked out for you this week.
It’s our way of making sure that our listeners always have something to keep them entertained, even in weeks when Nikki and I don’t have the time to create something brand new for you.
This week, I’m spending my writing time trying to prep for an upcoming author interview that I think you’re gonna like.
There are times when created. This podcast feels like a hamster running in a wheel.
That’s why we’re so grateful to everyone who listens, and especially to our sponsors on patriotic, including our newest sponsors, David Kay and Jonathan P.
If you’d like to help us make hub history, check out patri on dot com slash hope. History or goto Hub History dot com and click on the support link First. Little is $2 a month.
You could help ensure the future of this podcast, a very special thank you to all our new and returning sponsors.

[4:52] Now it’s time for this week’s main topic. First up, we have a story that originally aired his episode 63 back in January 2018 and the earliest days of the Puritan settlement in Massachusetts Bay Colony.
The residents of Boston wouldn’t have had the vocabulary to describe flying saucers or alien spacecraft.
Whoever even otherwise sober men like Boston founder John Winthrop believed they had seen unidentified and unexplainable objects flying in the night sky.
Winthrop’s diary describes close encounters that supposedly occurred in 16 39 and 16 44.
There were unexplained lights darting around the sky in formation at impossible speeds, ghostly sounds and witnesses who claim to have lost time.
It’s a scene straight out of The X Files except believers. Consider these to be the first recorded UFO sightings in North America.

Winthrop:
[5:49] In this year. One James several a sober, discreet man and two others saw great light in the night at Muddy River.
When it stood still, it flamed up, and it was about three yards square. When it ran, it was contracted into the figure of a swine.
It ran a swift as an arrow towards Charles Stone, and so up and down for about two or three hours,
they were come down in their lighter about a mile, and when it was over, they found themselves carried quite back against the tide to the place where they came from.
Diverse other credible person saw the same light after about the same place.

[6:44] So says Governor John Winthrop in a journal entry from March 1st 16 39 detail ING Boston’s first recorded UFO sighting.

[6:55] Winthrop led the first large wave of immigrants from England, toe what would become the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 16 30 served as governor for 12 of the colony’s 1st 20 years.
His vision of the colony as a Puritan city upon a hill set an example of communal charity, affection and unity that has endured for centuries.

[7:17] On January 9th, 1961 President elect John F. Kennedy returned the freeze to prominence during an address delivered to the General Court of Massachusetts.

[7:29] I have been guided by the standard John Winthrop set before his shipmates on the flagship Arabella 331 years ago, as they to face the task of building a new government on a perilous frontier.
We must always consider, he said, that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us.
Today. The eyes of all people are truly upon us, and our governments in every branch at every level, national, state and local must be as a city upon a hill,
constructed and inhabited by men aware of their great trust.
And they’re great responsibilities, for we’re setting out upon a voyage in 1961 no less hazardous than that undertaken by the Arabella in 16 30,
we’re committing ourselves to tasks of statecraft, no less awesome than that of governing.
The Massachusetts Bay Colony be set as it was then, by terror without and disorder within.
History will not judge our endeavors, and a government cannot be selected merely on the basis of color or creator, even party affiliation.
Neither will competence and loyalty and stature, while essential to the utmost suffice. In times such as these, for those to whom much is given, much is required.

[8:52] President Ronald Reagan referred to Winthrop’s vision on the eve of his election in 1980.
I have quoted John Winthrop’s words more than once on the campaign trail this year, for I believe that Americans in 1980 are every bit as committed to that vision of a shining city on a hill, as were those long ago settlers.

[9:11] And he returned to it in his January 11th 1989 farewell address to the nation.

[9:17] I’ve spoken of the Shining City all my political life, but I don’t know if I ever quite communicated what I saw when I said it.
But in my mind it was a tall, proud city built on rocks stronger than oceans, windswept God blessed and teeming with people of all kinds, living in harmony and peace, a city with free ports that hummed with commerce and creativity.
And if there had to be city walls, the walls had doors and the doors were open to anyone with the will and the heart to get here.
That’s how I saw it and see it still.

[9:50] So what we’re saying is Winthrop has some credibility now. Getting back to 16 39 James Everett and his two friends were in a lighter, a small, flat bottom boat that was used to haul cargo in shallow coastal waters.

[10:04] Winthrop’s journal says that they were a muddy river at the time. Today, that’s the Back Bay fins, where the slow moving brook runs out through Kenmore Square to the river at Charles Gate.

[10:16] Back then, there was basically the middle of nowhere. Cambridge was still made up of just a handful of families at the time, so the later was probably taking a load back and forth between Boston and Watertown, and the mouth of the muddy river was roughly halfway between the two.
We would consider that spot to be along the banks of the Charles River, but many maps back then put the mouth of the Charles roughly where the BU bridges today, with both the Charles and the muddy river draining into the back bay,
and the days before the back bay was filled in to create a neighborhood.
It was a tidal estuary, a network of shallow channels, Spider Web between huh mix of marsh grass.

[10:53] So everyone his friends had traveled about a mild on this estuary when they saw lights starting across the sky in forming the shape of a pig for several hours, perhaps due to a glitch in The Matrix, their boat moved back upstream against the tide.
If the X Files have taught me anything, it’s that this is a common element to UFO sightings and experiences, a sense of time, standing still or passing without awareness.

[11:17] Today we have some stereotypes about the type of people who have UFO encounters, and it seems like maybe they did in 16 39 2 because Went there pointedly notes that James Averil is sober and discreet,
and that the other witnesses were credible. So what happened?

[11:34] A UFO is an unidentified flying object, but the fact is, lots of things were unidentified in the 16 hundreds.
It’s really mind boggling to imagine living in Boston and 16 39 just unimaginable on so many levels.
But perhaps the biggest difference is the lack of our current scientific knowledge.
Many of our fellow countrymen take science for granted, but here at hub history, we believe in modern medicine, astrophysics, climate change, et cetera, et cetera.
Jake and Nikki of 16 38 would have known that earthquakes sometimes happen, and one was felt in Boston that year.
But we wouldn’t know why, and we would have been familiar with the experience of an eclipse, as happened in 16 59.
But we would have read a lot of superstitious meaning into it.

[12:30] And without the germ theory of disease, sickness could be a punishment from God or the curse of a witch, and through all of these mysteries, we would have been compelled to make sense of them.
But how do you make sense of an unexplainable occurrence? You could use religion or the supernatural, and at that time, those two ideas were very closely related as an example.
Today, someone who is fairly religious, well likely think of the devil in a very abstract way as a force that exists in the world.
But in 16 39 the devil was a tangible creature, someone who roamed the Earth that you could very likely run into if you stayed out past curfew.

[13:19] James Savage added the following footnote about the 16 39 sighting in his 18 25 edition of Winthrop’s Journal about 200 years worth of science.
Later, this account of an Ignace Faddis may easily be believed on testimony less respectable than that which was induced.
Some operation of the devil or other power beyond the customary agents of nature was probably imagined by the relate er’s and the hearers of that age.
And the wonder of being carried a mile against the tide became important corroboration of the imagination.
Perhaps they were wafted during the two or three hours astonishment for so moderate a distance by the wind.
But if this suggestion be rejected, we might suppose that the Eddie flowing always in our rivers, contrary to the tide in the channel rather than the meteor carried the later back.

[14:20] It’s an interesting line of speculation. Perhaps he’s upstanding. Gentleman spotted an impressive meteor shower.
Or maybe they saw an Ignace Mattis, which is a pale light that can appear over marshland at night due to the combustion of gas from decomposed organic matter.

[14:37] Five years later, Winthrop described another supernatural incident in Boston.
In January 16 44 Captain John Chad ex ship blew up a battery Worf in the North End when one of the crew snapped his flintlock pistol and created a spark that ignited kegs of gunpowder.
Five men were killed, and soon after, unexplained lights began rising from the waters and shooting across the sky above the harbor.
The citizens of Boston, applying both religion and superstition, deduce that one of Chad X men had conjured up the spirits of the dead sailors, causing the mysterious lights, Winthrop writes.
The 18th of this month, two lights were seen near Boston, and a week after the lake was seen again, a light like the moon arose about the Northeast Point in Boston and met the former at Nodules Island.
And there they closed in one and then parted and closed and parted diverse times. And so they went over the hill on the island and vanished.
Sometimes I shut out flames and sometimes sparkles.

[15:39] This was about eight of the clock in the evening and was seen by many about the same time a voice was heard upon the water between Boston and Dorchester, calling out in a most dreadful manner, Boy, boy, Come away, Come away,
and it suddenly shifted from one place to another over a great distance about 20 times.
It was heard by divers, godly persons about 14 days after the same voice and the same dreadful manner was heard by others on the other side of town towards Nodules Island.

[16:11] For context Nodules Island is now East Boston, and the Northeastern Point that he referred to is part of the North End.
So when he says that the two lights shut up in the air from those points and met, they met right over the Inner Harbor, the main shipping channel.
This the moral and God fearing citizens of Boston were desperate for an explanation.
Public discussion and investigation revealed that the sailor had snapped the pistol, professed to the rest of the crew to be a necromancer, a communicator with the spirit world.
Former crew members stated that he had wondrous powers. The townsfolk found it to be very meaningful that all the bodies except Hiss had been recovered and bury.

[16:53] At that time, there was a belief that spirits would cease to roam this world when their earthly Tabernacle have been given a Christian interment.
As such, it was clear that this paranormal disturbance was due to the failure to recover the body of this unfortunate sailor.

[17:08] Winthrop continues thes prodigies, having some reference to the place where Captain Shattuck’s penance was blown up a little before, gave occasion of speech of that man who was the cause of it,
who professed himself to have skill in necromancy and who have done some strange things on his way from Virginia hither and was suspected to have murdered his master there.
But the Magistrates here had no notice of him till after he was blown up.
This is to be observed that his fellows were all found and others who were blown up in the former ship were also found, and others who have miscarried by drowning, et cetera, have usually been found.
But this man was never found.

[17:48] It’s all very mysterious.

[17:59] But you know who fancied himself an expert in other worldly happenings.
Cotton Mather, the Man literally wrote the book on witchcraft, as well as the Magnolia Christie Americana, which roughly translates to the glorious works of Christ in America.
The book’s subtitle is The Ecclesiastical History of New England, from its first planting in 16 20 until the Year of Our Lord 16 98.
So it’s essentially an early history text. It consists of seven books collected into two volumes, and it details the religious development of Massachusetts and the other colonies in New England from 16 20 to 16 98.

[18:42] Notable passages include Mother’s descriptions of the Salem Witch trials, in which he criticizes some of the methods of the court and attempts to distance himself from the event.
His account of the escape of Hannah Dustin from the Abenaki,
the story of the founding of Harvard College and yet another UFO sighting recounted through a letter from a pastor in New Haven in the year 16 47.
Besides much other leading a far more rich treasure of passengers, five or six of which were persons of chief note and worth in New Haven,
put themselves on board a new ship built in Rhode Island of about 100 and 50 tons.
But so Walt E. Or Liable to Roll Over that The Master Lamberton often said that she would prove their grave,
in the month of January, cutting their way through much ice on which they were accompanied with the Reverend Mr Davenport.
Besides many other friends with many fears as well as prayers and tears, they set sail Mr Davenport in prayer with an observable emphasis, used these words,
Lord, if it be thy pleasure to bury these our friends in the bottom of the sea, they’re fine. Save them.

[20:01] Having never received news of the ship’s arrival in England or letters from any of her passengers, the ship was presumed lost at sea.

[20:11] In June. Next ensuing, a great thunderstorm arose out of the Northwest, after which the hemisphere being serene about an hour before sunset, a ship of like dimensions with the force said.
With her canvas and colors. Abroad, though, the wind northern Lee appeared in the air coming up from our harbour’s mouth, which lies southward from the town,
seemingly with her sales filled under a fresh gale, holding her course north and continuing under observation, sailing against the wind for the space of half an hour.
Many were drawn to behold this great work of God.
Yea, the very Children cried out. There’s a brave ship at length, crowding up as faras.
There is usually water sufficient for such a vessel, and so near some of the Spectators as that they imagined a man might hurl a stone on board her.
Her main top seemed to be blown off, but left hanging in the shrouds, then her mizzen top. Then all her mast ing seemed blown away by the board.
Quickly after the Hulk brought onto the Corinne, she over set and so vanished into a smoky cloud, which in sometime dissipated, leaving as everywhere else a clean air.

[21:29] The admiring Spectators could distinguish the several colors of each part the principal rigging and such proportions as caused not only the generality of persons to say,
this was the mold of their ship, and this was her tragic end.
But Mr Davenport, also in public, declared to this effect,
that God had condescended for the quieting of their afflicted spirits, this extraordinary account of his sovereign disposal of those for whom so many fervent prayers were made continually.
Thus, I am, sir, your humble servant, James Pierpont.

[22:08] Is it possible that the good reverend had a really vivid dream and then, later in life, remembered it Israel?
Something in the water who knows But UFO sightings in the Boston area continue to this day.
In June of 17 2003 young hikers from Plymouth got lost in the Blue hills after dark and had to be rescued by state police with dogs and helicopters.
Asked what went wrong, a member of the party said that they weren’t as prepared as we should have been.
We should have brought flashlights and charged our phones and maybe brought better hiking gear when Channel seven asked them why they were there.
Another hiker said we came up here to see you.
So you’re like a UFO, Mac? Literally.
Did you Did you have any locker? Yes, we saw a couple. Yeah, we saw that we had never seen before.
Way Saw this one like that. What? We saw these two ships that had these, like, bright spotlights.
And then we saw this, like, weird or thing that looks like a spotlight so they could lead you back down. Yeah. No, they were very helpful.

[23:18] Unfortunately, they didn’t have John Winthrop to vouch further credibility.

Jake:
[23:24] Next up, let’s look at a story that begins 36 years after the last U F O sighting we just described Boston and the Bay Colony were still quite young, but they had a reputation, a reputation for rebelliousness.
This is a story with the cast of characters that includes everyone from Increase Mather to Nathaniel Hawthorne, encompassing two kings, two continents, two colonies and Royal Governor’s Endicott, Andrews and Hutchinson.
It’s the story of two judges who signed the death warrant for a king, became celebrities in Boston and then had to go into hiding to escape the greatest manhunt in British history.

King Killers:
[24:04] King Charles, the first of England, Scotland and Ireland, is a familiar figure to the Massachusetts history buff,
in part because he gave his name to Charles Town into the Charles River, but also because it was his signature and seal that in 16 29 gave a grant to the Massachusetts Bay Company of,
all that part of New England in America, which lies and extends between a great river.
They’re commonly called Merrimack River and a certain other river. They’re called Charles River.
Being in the bottom of a certain bay, they’re commonly called Massachusetts Bay,
and all lands whatsoever, lying within the limits of four said north and south, in latitude and breath and in length and lodge itude throughout the mainland’s there, from the Atlantic Ocean in the east part to the South Sea on the west part,
and all lands and grounds place in places, soils, woods and would grounds havens, ports, river’s waters and all minds and minerals in the set lands and premises or any part thereof,
and free liberty of fishing in or within any of the rivers or waters within the bounds and limits of four said.
And the seas there unto adjoining and all fishes Wales, Balian and sturgeons that shell at any time hereafter be taken within the, said Caesar Waters.

[25:19] However, soon after the Arbella fleet brought the settlers of Puritan Boston to these shores, Charles began cracking down on Puritans and other religious nonconformists.
Back in old England, Tension soon rose, with the conflict sorting itself into the king with royalists, supporters backed by traditionalist Anglicans in a Catholic minority on one side,
and the parliamentarian round heads on the other side, led by Oliver Cromwell and supported by most puritans.
By 16 42 the conflict had devolved into open warfare.
Fighting would continue on different fronts and between different combatants until Charles the second was exiled in 16 51.
His father’s reign, though, would end in January 16 47 when Charles, the first’s alliance with a Scottish Presbyterian army evaporated and his former allies delivered him into the hands of the round heads as a prisoner.

[26:14] Two years later, after Cromwell had consolidated his power into a body known as the rump parliament, Charles the first was put on trial for treason.
The charges said that wicked designs wars and evil practices of him.
The said Charles Stuart have been and are carried on for the advancement in upholding of a personal interest of will power and pretended prerogative to himself and his family,
against the public interest, common right, liberty, justice and peace of the people of this nation.
He was judged by a 68 member committee and found guilty.
59 of the judge’s signed a warrant for the execution of King Charles. The first historian, Alexander Winston, describes what happened next.
The death warrant was signed on Monday, and the business was then pushed with all haste.
At 10 o’clock on Tuesday morning. It was January 30th 16 49.
Captain Hacker brought King Charles out of ST James Palace.
The air was still and very cold.
Ice was piled up under the Thames bridges. Charles walked briskly, urging his guard to be quick.
Mark your pace to the solemn, muted roll of drums. He crossed the park between lines of soldiers and entered Whitehall.

[27:38] The crowd that had streamed in from all over London shivered in the streets, packed as tight as pebbles on the beach.
About two o’clock Hacker, who was observed to have been seized with trembling,
escorted the king along the corridors of Whitehall Palace and threw a dismantled window of the banqueting hall directly onto the broad black drapes scaffold There.
At last, Charles saw the block with its iron staples and tackle the close ranks of Soldier E, the masked head Zeman, grotesque in false, grizzled beards and wigs with composure.
The king made a short speech and then handing his George a jeweled collar from which hung a pendant of Saint George slaying the dragon to Bishop William Jackson with one word.
Remember, he pushed his hair up under a white satin cap and lay down on the block.
The axe glinted, a shudder ran through the crowd, and a vast grown echoed up the streets.
In that instant, the 59 signers of the death warrant became regicide sze.

[28:48] In faraway Boston, presidents had been largely insulated from the chaos and bloodshed of the English civil War,
though a few had gone back to the mother country to fight alongside Cromwell and the Puritan majority were vocal backers of the round heads.
For instance, Harvard President Henry Dunster announced, Truly were all one heart.
I mean the body of the godly in New England with the parliament and army and see that Christ have carried them beyond men in themselves.
In all that they have, by his impulse, in a sort been driven to d’oh, they were insulated but not ignorant.
On June 3rd, 16 49 Bostonian Adam Winthrop’s journal records how the town received The momentous news of Charles is fate here is now a London ship Come in that bring if the news that the king is beheaded,
at first Church in Boston, the preeminent Puritan minister, John Cotton, used a 16 51 Thanksgiving sermon to provide scriptural justification for the execution of a monarch.

[29:58] The chief differences in England, or principally three contained in three words but comprehending much matter,
and let me briefly open them that if it be the will of God, some reconcile mint, maybe endeavored among them to prevent such dangers as both nations may fall into.
There is some difference about the king. Some difference about the covenant and some difference about the parliament.
If there could be drawn up a union in these three in our native country and in such here is adhere to them, I should hope other things may easily be accorded first.
It is a matter of great thought heart putting to death the late King.
It is time when the spirits of men are so much exasperated as they be that men’s consciences should be a little satisfied in that point,
especially such a scruple, the lawfulness of it For one of Scripture, Light,
cotton gives a long, scriptural justification for the actions of the rump parliament, the betrayal of the Scottish Covenant, er’s and most of all, the decision to behead Charles, the first for those who are still uncertain.
He cites several biblical examples of rebellions against kings and gives this answer.

[31:11] There is a lawful and loyal conspiracy as well as a disloyal in wicked conspiracy.
Therefore, it is not an unknown thing that loyal subjects of a mean state have conspired against those that have been set over them by the Lord when once they depart from God and do such acts as have been dangerous and destructive to the commonwealth.

[31:33] So the people of Boston were being taught that the execution of a king was justified, since he had departed from God and been dangerous and destructive to the Commonwealth.
With the king gone, the regicide is were living large in Cromwell’s England.
One of these men was Edward Whaley, whose name was fourth on the king’s death warrant immediately below the Lord protector Oliver Cromwell himself.
Four teeth on the warrant was the name Richard Gough Whaley, son in law.
They had both fought against Charles, the first voted for his execution and now continued the fight against the royalists, who had shifted their support to the young heir Charles. The second, they were among 31 of the 59 judges who are still alive.
11 years later, when Charles the second was restored to the throne 19 of them, or given sentences of life in prison.
Nine of the remaining living were hanged, drawn and quartered.
Three of the men who had died in the intervening decade were dug up, and their corpses were similarly hanged, drawn and quartered.
Charles, the second, was serious about getting revenge for his daddy.

[32:41] Those who remain since that this was perhaps not a time when it was pertinent for Charles. The first judges to be easily found in old England.
Any who wish to keep their heads and entrails intact had to make the decision to pack up and leave.
And since Boston has a reputation as the most Puritan town in the empire, and it’s pre eminent, minister has been preaching that scriptural necessity of Charles. The first execution.
Edward Whaley and Richard Gough decide to come to our fair city,
in his comprehensive history of Massachusetts Bay loyalist Governor Thomas Hutchinson recalls Whaley and Golfs arrival in Boston in 16 60.

[33:23] In the ship, which arrived from London on the 27th of July.
There, Caine passengers Colonel Whaley and Colonel Golf, two of the late King’s judges Colonel Golf brought testimonials from Mr John Rowe and Mr Seth would.
Two ministers of a church in Westminster, Colonel Whaley, have been a member of Thomas Goodwin’s church.

[33:48] They left London before the king was proclaimed. It does not appear that they were among the most obnoxious of the judges, but as it was expected, vengeance would be taken of some of them, and a great many had fled.
They did not think it’s safe to remain.
They did not attempt to conceal their persons or characters when they arrived in Boston.
But he immediately went to the governor, Mr Endicott, who received them very courteously.

[34:17] They were visited by the principal persons of the town, and, among others, they take note of colonel crowns coming to see them.
He was a noted royalist, although they did not disguise themselves.
Yet they chose to reside at Cambridge, a village about four miles distant from the town where they went the first day they arrived.
They went publicly to meetings on the Lord’s Days and to occasional lectures, fast and Thanksgivings, and were admitted to the sacrament and attended. Private meetings for devotion visited many of the principal towns.
And we’re frequently at Boston. And once when insulted there, the person insulting them was bound to his good behavior.
They appeared grave, serious and devout, and the rank they had sustained commanded respect.

[35:08] Whaley had been one of Cromwell’s lieutenant generals and golf a major general.
It is not strange that they should meet with this favorable reception, nor was this reception any contempt of the authority in England.
They were known to have been two of the king’s judges, but King Charles the second was not proclaimed when the ship that brought them left London.
They have the news of it in the channel now.
The reason we leave it up to Governor Hutchinson to give us this introduction is because he is the only historian who has ever been able to conduct primary source research on the New England regicide Sze.
He had access to a priceless source, which he borrowed from Samuel Mather, who inherited it from increased mother.
Hutchinson describes it in his own words.

[36:00] Golf kept a journal or diary from the day he left Westminster May 4th until the year 16 67 which together with several other papers belonging to him I have in my possession,
almost the whole is in characters or shorthand, not very difficult to decipher.

[36:21] The story of these persons has never yet been published to the world. It has never been known in New England.
Their papers after their death were collected and have remained near 100 years in a library in Boston.
It must give some entertainment to the curious, You may recall, from our conversation with Brooke Barbie A that during the Stamp Act riots in 17 65 the Boston mob laid siege to the governor’s north end home.
In the end, he was unharmed, but his house, his possessions and, tragically, his library were destroyed.
Among the many irreplaceable documents that disappeared that day were Golfs, diary and his few remaining letters.

[37:09] As Hutchinson reports the military rank the two men had held commanded respect in New England.
Here were two generals who’d seen action in traditional set piece battles between the round heads and the royalists, and they had arrived into a society with very few military men from the old country.
We had our militia with its elected officers, but Whaley and Golf stood on a different plane.
This offer their martial careers inspired to stories about golf in particular that have passed into folklore.
It’s impossible to tell to what degree either is true, but probably not much.
The first takes place during the early months after their arrival in Boston, and the second takes place a decade and 1/2 later, in a small town on the very edges of the Puritan settlements.

[37:56] We take a highly stylized account of the first tale from the book Ah, History of the three judges of King Charles. The first, by Ezra Stiles.
Styles was a congregational minister in Connecticut. He would later become president of Yale.
He wrote a history of New England at about the same time Hutchinson was working on Hiss.
The two men often exchanged notes that they had very different viewpoints.
Styles returned to the story of the regicide decades later, in 17 93 as the French Revolution ran its course, and the idea of a king killer was seen very differently than it had been by a royal governor.
Styles gives us the definitive version of this legend.

[38:38] To show the dexterity of the judges at fencing. This story is told,
the while it Boston There appeared a gallant person there, some say a fencing master who, honest a directed for that purpose, walked it for several days, challenging and defying any to play with him.
It swords at length.
One of the judges disguised in a rustic dress, holding in one hand a cheese wrapped in a napkin for a shield with a broomstick. Who’s mop. He had been smeared with 30 puddle water as he passed along.
Thus equipped, he mounted the stage.
The fencing master railed at him for his impudence. Asked what business he had there and bid him be gone, the judge stood his ground upon which the gladiator made a pass at him with his sword to drive him off.
Our encounter ensued. The judge received the sword into the cheese and held it till he drew the mop of the broom over his mouth and give the gentleman a pair of whiskers.
The gentleman made another pass and plunging his sword a second time. It was caught and held in the cheese till the broom was drawn over his eyes.

[39:42] At 1/3 lunge, the sword was caught again till the mop of the broom was rubbed gently all over his face.
Upon this, the gentleman let fall or laid aside his small sword and took up the broad sword and came at him with that upon which the judge said, Stop, sir.
Hitherto, you see, I have only played with you and not attempted to hurt you.
But if you come at me now with the broad sword, know that I will certainly take your life the firmness and determine it nous with which he spake struck the gentleman who desisting, exclaimed, Who can you be?
You’re either golf Whaley or the devil, for there was no other man in England that could beat me.
And so the Disguise judge retired into obscurity, leaving this Spectators to enjoy the diversion of the scene and the vanquish mint of the boasting champion.
Hence, it is proverbial in some parts of New England. And speaking of a champion at athletic or other exercises to say that none can beat him but golf waylay or the devil.

[40:46] As a side note, Isn’t it a shame that this proverb is passed out of the common vernacular.
Wouldn’t you just love to hear a Pats fan call into sports talk radio and say that when it comes to Tom Brady, none can beat him, but guff, waylay or the devil?
After so publicly supporting Oliver Cromwell against the Stewart Crown, Boston found itself on thin ice with the restored monarchy.
After a quick deliberation, the provincial legislature issued a public statement on August 7th, 16 60.

[41:19] For as much as Charles, the second is undoubted king of Great Britain in all other His Majesty’s Territories and Dominions there unto belonging and half been sometime since lawfully proclaimed and crowned accordingly.
We therefore do as in duty. We are bound, own and acknowledge him to be our sovereign lord and king,
and do therefore hereby proclaim and declare his sacred majesty Charles, the second to be lawful king of Great Britain, France and Ireland and all other the territories they’re onto belonging. God save the King.

[41:58] With Whaley and golf living openly in Boston, many people in authority in the province were hoping that they would be pardoned by the new king.
However, Hutchinson informs us that when the Indemnity and Oblivion Act was handed down its specifically accepted regicide like Whaley and golf from being pardoned for past crimes.

[42:20] The reports afterward were that all the judges would be pardoned.
But seven, The active indemnity was not brought over until the last of November, when it appeared that they were not accepted.
Some of the principal persons in the government were alarmed.
Pity and compassion prevailed with others. They had assurances from some that belonged to the general Court that they would stand by them.
But we’re advised by others to think of removing the 22nd of February.
The governor summoned a court of assistance to consult about securing them, but the court did not agree to it, finding it unsafe to remain any longer.
They left Cambridge the 26 following.

[43:06] By very publicly debating what should be done about the two men. Endicott had signalled to them to get out while the getting was good.
He issued an order for their arrest in March, but didn’t immediately take much action to see them apprehended until after receiving a Kurt Royal Order from Charles. The second in May, which said.
Trusty and well beloved, We greet you Well, we being given to understand that Colonel Whaley and Colonel Golf, who stand here, convicted for the execrable murder of our royal father of glorious memory,
our lately arrived at New England, where they hope to shroud themselves securely from the justice of our laws.

[43:48] Are will and pleasure is, and we do hereby expressly require and command you forthwith upon the receipt of these are letters to cause both the said persons to be apprehended,
and with the first opportunity sent over hither under a strict care to receive according to their demerits, we are confident of your readiness and diligence to perform your duty and so bid you farewell.
Endicott was now on notice to take action against the regicide Sze, but he appears to have still been harboring sympathy for them about this period.
Alexander Winston notes.
Present day America offers no parallel to this reception,
but imagine by way of very rough analogy that John Wilkes Booth escaped safely to Virginia to be warmly greeted by Jefferson Davis, prayed over and Richmond churches and sumptuously dined by the president of William and Mary College.

[44:46] Rather than calling out the militia are sending a trusted lieutenant after them into cut deputized to royalist sympathisers who had just arrived in the province, Thomas Kirk and Thomas Kelland.
This cunning solution would allow him to appear to be taking every possible step to apprehend the regicide Sze without actually putting the minute much risk.
The zealots who were tasked with the search carried it out enthusiastically. But they had no knowledge of local geography or customs and had few local friends or political supporters who could help track down Whaley.
And golf indicates very public contemplation of their arrest had its intended effect, and whale and Gough wasted no time in fleeing the Bay Colony for neighbor in Connecticut.
In nine days, they walked about 100 60 miles to the town of New Haven, where they again found a friendly host and the person of Radical Minister John Davenport.

[45:39] Whaley stayed with Davenport well, Golf stayed with his next door neighbor, Thomas Jones, whose father, John Jones, had also signed Charles his death warrant.
Three months after Whaley and golf step foot on a Boston bound ship, John Jones have been hanged, drawn and quartered back in London.

[45:57] In the meantime, Kellan and Kirk tracked the regicide tze from Boston to Springfield and then to Hartford.
And finally, on May 11th 2 Guilford, which was the capital of New Haven Colony Newhaven, was not yet part of Connecticut, and instead they were left at the time by Governor William Leet.
Guilford was just 18 miles away from the town of New Haven and their quarry.
But as Michael Walsh and Don Jordan recount, this is where things began to go off the rails.
It was here that their problems began for lead, smoothly sabotage their mission.
An account of what transpired was later sent to Endicott by the two royalists.
They arrived in Guilford on a Saturday, and lead received them courteously enough. Then things began to go wrong.
To their great discomfort, the governor insisted on reading the king’s proclamation aloud while the locals clustered around so ruining the royalists hopes of surprising the fugitives.
Lead then asserted that the two colonels had left New Haven nine weeks before the royalists went back to the governor, demanding warrants to search and arrest and fresh horses to get them to Davenport’s home.

[47:13] Much delay, an evasion ensued. The horses were provided, but lead apologetically refused any search and arrest warrant.
Before he could issue the document, he would have to consult the New Haven Magistrates.
This, unfortunately, couldn’t be done quickly because the next day was Sunday and nothing was allowed to move in New Haven on the Sabbath on Monday, the Magistrates did convene, but they came to no decision.
After agonizing for much of the day, they announced that the Freeman of the Colony would have to be summit.
That would take another four days. Thean creasing Lee, angry royalists learned. Needless to say, the birds had long flown.
On the day that Kirk and Callen led the search party into Guilford, a native American rode through the night to warn Davenport, Jones and their guests.
The two colonels were quietly shifted to a secure, if uncomfortable hiding place not far away, Though well hidden from inquisitive eyes, this was a cave halfway up a rocky escarpment a few miles beyond New Haven.
It is said that on the Sunday that Reverend Davenport sermon drew from the Book of Isaiah and his favorite proverb, hide the outcasts betray not him, that wander wth.
Let mine outcasts dwell with thee.

[48:37] Rumors spread that the regicide have gone south to seek refuge with their co religionists in New Amsterdam,
Kirk and Kelland, forded at every turn by Connecticut Puritans who were playing dumb, decided to follow up on that lead and have a word with Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant.
Within a few weeks, they were back in Boston, empty handed.
Governor Endicott strategically gifted each man a rich farm of 250 acres for their trouble ensuring that they would not complain too loudly of the opposition they had faced on their search.
Meanwhile, the fugitive judges sought refuge in a small Connecticut town called Milford, staying with a sympathizer named Tompkins so completely isolated that Hutchinson would say they remain two years without so much as going in the orchard.

[49:25] For the next few years, things were relatively quiet for the judges in Milford,
Charles, the second’s agents were busy tracking down their fellow judges in continental Europe, capturing them and carrying them back to England to be tried, tortured and executed when they could, or simply assassinating them on the spot when they could not.
Throughout this period, golf keeps a diary and through a network of sympathetic figures. He maintains a correspondence with Increase Mather.
These are the papers that Thomas Hutchinson would eventually find in the library of Samuel Mather a century later and used to recreate the judges story.
And these are the papers that a Patriot mob destroyed in 17 65.

[50:06] The quiet was broken in 16 64 when Charles the second turned his attention to New England. Once again, Alexander Winston describes what happened.
In the spring of 16 64 Charles sent to Boston what amounted to an expeditionary force.
Royal agents, commanding four ships and 450 troops, dropped anchor on April 23rd with three grand designs in view,
to take possession of New Amsterdam for England to investigate thoroughly the general condition of the colonies and to bring Whaley and golf home either in chains or in coffins.

[50:42] Knowing that their location have become something of an open secret in the New Haven colony, Whaley and Golf decided to relocate again before the king’s troops could make good on their orders.
Traveling only by night, they tracked about 100 miles heading back into Massachusetts territory.
On the edge of the wilderness on the very fringes of the territory controlled by the Bay Colony, was the newly formed town called Hadley.
It consisted of a palisade wall and the homes of about 50 families.
The two judges were invited to move into an upstairs room in the home of Reverend John Russell.
The authorities from Boston and British regulars sometimes performed sweeps through Hadley.
The judges remained undetected for over a decade.

[51:29] The elder judge Edward Whaley eventually passed away from natural causes in about 16 74 or 75 over a century.
Later in the 17 nineties, the new owners of Russell’s home We’re remodeling, and they found his skeleton walled up inside the walls of the basement.

[51:50] Richard Gough, the younger man, kept up his correspondence with Boston Minister Increase Mather until about 16 80.
And then he two drops out of the historical record except for one incident.
This second legend, inspired by golfs, military service and rank in the old country.
Not long after Whaley’s death, King Philip’s war erupted throughout New England.
In 16 75 War arrived in the frontier town of Hadley.
It’s the only part of the regicide story that Thomas Hutchinson retails. Based on anecdotes rather than documentary evidence.
He cites a story handed down through the family of New Haven governor elite and takes care to note that Golfs Journal places lead in Hadley.
In 16 75 Hutchinson wrote, the town of Hadley was alarmed by the Indians and 16 75 in the time of public worship, and the people were in utmost confusion.
Suddenly, a grave elderly person appeared in the mist of them.
In his mean undress, he differed from the rest of the people.
He not only encouraged them to defend themselves, but he put themselves at their head, rallied, instructed and lead them on to encounter the enemy who by this means, were repulsed.

[53:13] As suddenly the deliverer of Hadley disappeared.
The people were left in consternation, utterly unable to account for this strange phenomenon.
It is not probable that they were ever able to explain it.

[53:29] Writing. In the 17 nineties, Styles relied even more heavily on local war and recorded this version of the story during their abode.
It Hadley the famous and most memorable Indian war that ever was in New England, called King.
Philip’s war took place and was attended with exciting universal rising of various Indian tribes not only of the Narragansett and the sage kingdom of Philip it Mount Hope or Bristol,
but of the Indians throughout New England except the sage symptom of uncles and Mohegan near New London.

[54:02] Accordingly, the nit, muck, Kwan bog and northern tribes, or an agitation and attack the new frontier towns along through New England and Hadley among the rest. Then an exposed frontier.
That pious congregation were observing a fast it Hadley on the occasion of this war and being a public worship in the meetinghouse.
There on a fast day, September 1st, 16 75 where suddenly surrounded and surprised by a body of Indians.

[54:27] It was the usage of the frontier towns, and even at New Haven in those Indian wars, for a select number of the congregation to go armed to public worship,
it was so it Hadley at this time the people immediately took to their arms but were thrown into great consternation and confusion.
Had Hadley been taken, the discovery of the judges had been inevitable.

[54:48] Suddenly and in the midst of the people there appeared a man of very venerable aspect and different from the inhabitants in his apparel, who took the command arranged and ordered them in the best military manner and under his direction.
They repelled and routed the Indians, and the town was saved.
He immediately vanished, and the inhabitants could not account for the phenomenon.
But by considering that person as an angel sent of God upon that special occasion for their deliverance and for some time after said and believed that they had been delivered and saved by an angel.
Nor did they know where conceive otherwise till 15 or 20 years after when it at length became known, it Hadley that the two judges had been secreted there, which probably they did not know until after Mr Russell’s death in 16 92.
This story, however, of the angel it Hadley was before this universally diffused through New England by means of the memorable Indian War of 16 75 the mystery was unraveled after the revolution, when it became not so very dangerous.
Toe have it known that the judges had received an asylum here and that golf was actually in Hadley at the time.
The angel was certainly general golf, for Whaley was superannuated in 16 75.

[56:03] If this event actually happened, which is by no means sure, increase Mather and Golfs.
Other allies were invested in suppressing the tail with few or no eye witnesses who knew what golf looked like.
And with no available documentary evidence, the Angel of Hadley quickly passed into legend writing.
Over a century and 1/2 after the events in Hadley, Nathaniel Hawthorne brought back off as the folk hero embodied in The Angel of Hadley.
In the book, twice told tales, the angel of Hadley becomes the great champion.
If you’ve been listening for a long time, you may recall that back in Episode six, we told the tale of the first revolution that started in Boston.
In one of his last official acts before his death, Charles the second revoked the Charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony and merged it together with Plymouth, Narragansett, Connecticut, Maine,
and all the new England colonies into a single Dominion of New England.
After Charles the second died, his brother and successor, James, the second in 16 85 appointed a single royal governor to administer all this territory,
in place of the local governments that the colonists had been accustomed to for half a century.

[57:23] Acting on behalf of a Catholic king and with no regard for the Magna Carta.
Royal Governor Sir Edmund Andrews was no friend of the Massachusetts Puritan establishment by the time of the glorious Revolution in 16 88.
Ah, Protestant Prince of Holland, William of Orange invades England, and William and Mary take the throne in February of 16 89.
As we were counted in Episode six, the people of Boston quickly got word of this development and plan to depose the hated governor Andrews,
in April of 16 89 86 years almost to the day before the battles of Lexington and Concord, the Massachusetts militia mass outside Boston, and prepared to move in on Andreas.
In Hawthorne’s telling a few hours before the rebellion begins, andro senses that there’s trouble afoot and elects to bring out a company of soldiers to arrest. The Puritan leadership embodied an elderly former governor, Simon Bradstreet.
Oh, lord of hosts, cried a voice among the crowd. Provide a champion for the people.

[58:30] Suddenly there was seen the figure of an ancient man who seemed to have emerged from among the people and was walking by himself along the center of the street to confront the armed band.
He wore the old Puritan dress, a dark cloak in a steeple crowned hat in the fashion of at least 50 years before with a heavy sword upon his thigh but a staff in his hand to assist the tremulous gate of age.

[58:53] Who is this great patriarch? Asked the young men of their sires.
Who is this venerable brother? Asked the old man among themselves as he drew near the advancing soldiers.
And as the role of the drum came full upon his ear, the old man raised himself to a loftier mean, while the decrepitude of age seemed to fall from his shoulders, leaving him in gray but unbroken dignity.
Now he marched onward with the warrior step, keeping time to the military music.
Thus the aged form advanced on one side, and the whole parade of soldiers and Magistrates on the other till when scarcely 20 yards remain between the old man grassed, is staffed by the middle and held it before him like a leader’s truncheon Stand cried.
He the I, the face an attitude of command, the solemn yet warlike peel of that voice fit either to rule a host in the battlefield or be raised to God in prayer, where irresistible,
that stately form combining the leader in the ST So grey so dimly seen in such an ancient garb could only belong to some old champion of the righteous cause whom the oppressors drum had summoned from his grave.
They raised a shout of on exultation and looked for the deliverance of New England.

[1:00:08] The governor and the gentleman of his party, perceiving themselves, brought to an unexpected stand road hastily forward, as if they would have pressed their starting in afraid of horses, right against the Hori apparition.
What does this old fellow here cried? Edward Randolph fiercely on Sir Edmund, Bid the soldiers forward and give the daughter is the same choice. You give all his countrymen to stand aside or be trampled on.
Are you mad? Old man? Demanded Sir Edmund Andrews and loud and harsh tones. How dare you stay the march of King James’s governor.

[1:00:40] I have stayed the march of a king himself. Air Now replied the great figure with stern composure.
I am here, sir Governor, because the cry of an oppressed people have disturbed me in my secret place and beseeching this favor earnestly of the Lord.
It was vouchsafed me to appear once again on Earth in the good old cause of his saints.
And what Speaking of James, there is no longer a pope is tiring on the throne of England.
And by tomorrow noon, his name shall be a byword in this very street where you would make it a word of terror back thou that once the governor back with this night, thy power has ended Tomorrow the prison back, lest I for tell the scaffold,
the people have been drawing nearer and nearer and drinking in the words of their champion, who spoken accents long, disused like one unaccustomed to converse except with the dead of many years ago.
But his voice stirred their souls. They confronted the soldiers not wholly without arms and ready to convert the very stones of the street into deadly weapons.
Sir Edmund Andrews looked at the old man. Then he cast his hard and cruel I over the multitude and beheld them, burning with that lurid wrath so difficult to kindle or to quench.
And again, he fixed his gaze on the aged form, which stood obscurely in an open space where neither friend nor foe had thrust himself.

[1:02:05] What were his thoughts? He uttered no word which might discover, but whether the oppressor was overawed by the great champions look or perceived his peril in the threatening attitude of the people.
It is certain that he gave back and ordered his soldiers to commence a slow and guarded retreat before another sunset, the governor and all that road so proudly with him, where prisoners and long hair it was known that James had abdicated.
King William was proclaimed throughout New England.

[1:02:35] And who was the great champion? I have heard that whenever the descendants of the Puritans heir to show the spirit of their sires, Theo old Man appears again.
When 80 years had passed, he walked once more in King Street.
Five years later, in the twilight of in April morning, he stood on the green beside the meetinghouse at Lexington, where now the obelisk of granite with a slab of slate in lead commemorates the first fallen of the Revolution.
And when our fathers were toiling at the breast work on Bunker’s Hill all through that night, the old warrior walked his rounds long long. May it be a WR? He comes again.
His hour is one of darkness and adversity and peril.
But should domestic tyranny oppress us or the invaders step pollute our soil? Still, may the great champion come.
For he is the type of New England’s hereditary spirit, and his shadowy march on the eve of danger must ever be the pledge that New England sons will vindicate their ancestry.

[1:03:43] In Hawthorne’s telling, the angel of Hadley becomes the great champion.
Golf is transported forward in time, 1st 20 years to the downfall of Sir Edmund Andrews, then 80 years to the Boston Massacre on King Street and to the battle on Lexington Green to Bunker Hill and beyond.

[1:04:04] Thomas Hutchinson first framed the story of the regicide as one where dutiful subjects do their best to deliver up wanted fugitives to their restored king.
Azra Stiles made the story into a parable of democracy’s triumph.
Over monarch is, um, and Nathaniel Hawthorne simply creates a legendary action hero back from the dead.
To avenge the oppressors of New England, we’ll let you choose your own favorite version.

Jake:
[1:04:34] Well, that about wraps it up for this week. Toe. Learn more about Puritan UFOs or the Hunt for the King Killers.
Check out this week’s show notes at hub history dot com slash 164 We’ll have links to all the sources recorded from in both stories, as well as information about our upcoming event and this week’s Boston Book Club pick.
If you’d like to get in touch with us, you can email us at podcast in hub history dot com.
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