Intro

Jake:
[0:01] Hi listeners. Before I start the show, I hope you’ll do us a favor.
You probably heard in recent episodes that we’re going to be honored at the Boston Preservation Awards on Thursday, October 15th.
If you’re listening to this show before Thursday the 15th, we’d be grateful for your vote.
In the fan favorite category, voting takes just seconds.
Go to HUBhistory.com/fan and that will redirect you.
That’s HUBhistory.com/fan and thanks.

Music

Jake:
[0:38] Welcome to Hub history, where we go far beyond the Freedom Trail to share our favorite stories from the history of Boston. The Hub of the Universe.
This is Episode 206 Joseph Chapman from Boston to Cali. Hi, I’m Jake.
This week, I’ll be talking about a shipwright’s apprentice in Boston who went to sea with the whaling voyage.
He somehow ended up being recruited either by hook or by crook into a crew that was assembled in the Hawaiian Islands, then captured by Spanish authorities on the California coast and accused of piracy,
escaping the gallows through hard work and Yankee ingenuity, Joseph Chapman would build a New England style mill for the San Gabriel Mission, which is credited as the first encroachment of the industrial Revolution in Toa Alta, California,
He would live through tumultuous times, witnessing the independence of Mexico, the downfall of the mission system he become part of, and eventually the American annexation of California.

[1:37] But before I talk about the Life and times of Jose Juan Chapman, it’s time for this week’s Boston Book Club selection and our upcoming historical event.

Boston Book Club

[1:47] My pick for the Boston Book Club this week is Sydney Parleys.
Historic Storms of New England with the lengthy subtitle It’s Gail’s Hurricanes. Tornadoes, Showers with thunder and lightning.
Great snowstorms rains fresh. It’s floods, droughts, cold winters, hot summers,
avalanches, earthquakes, dark days, comets, aurora borealis phenomena in the heavens, Rex along the coast with incidents and anecdotes amusing and pathetic.

[2:17] Sydney Perley was an attorney who graduated from the BU School of Law in 18 86 and he was a self taught historian.
He published a half dozen legal textbooks in another nine volumes of New England history, most of which focus on Cape On in the Witch Trials.
Whoever whenever I need to research a weather anomaly that occurred in Boston between English colonization and the book’s publication in 18 91 parleys. Historic Storms is my first stop from the Great Hurricane of 16 35.
The English colonists first experiences with earthquakes. Comets eclipses in dark days to historic blizzards, gales, tornadoes and droughts.
Pearly explains each one in detail.
He uses period sources to show what the people who lived through these extreme events thought they were experiencing.
And he uses the latest scientific knowledge to bring a late 19th century modern perspective.
Tooth. Um, it’s a great resource for researching any extreme or unusual weather, atmospheric or cosmic event in the show notes.
This week I’ll include a link to a free E book version, as well as the usual link to buy a bound copy from Amazon.

Upcoming Event(S)

[3:28] And for upcoming event this week I have two competing events on Wednesday, October 21st,
first up, A four PM Revolutionary Spaces will be hosting the next edition of Reflecting Addicts, their yearlong series of events Commemorating the 250th anniversary of the Boston Massacre and its most famous victim, Christmas addicts,
titled Demanding Freedom Addicts and the Abolition Movement.
This Talk will examine how 19th century abolitionists revived the memory of addicts after he’d been nearly forgotten is a man of African and native dissent in a country that was building historical myths of its white founders.
The Panelists will be Christopher Bonner of the University of Maryland, author of Remaking the Republic.
Black Politics in the Creation of American Citizenship.
Kelly Carter Jackson of Wellesley College, author of Force and Freedom.
Black Abolitionists and the Politics of Violence, and Stephen Kantrowitz of the University of Wisconsin, author of More Than Freedom.
Fighting for Black Citizenship in a White Republic.

[4:33] Here’s How Revolutionary Spaces describes the talk Demanding freedom Addicts in the abolition movement reflects on how 19th century abolitionists revived Christmas addicts memory and their fight to end slavery.
Abolitionists of the era presented addicts as the first martyr of the revolution who died fighting for Liberty.
An image that resonated powerfully in a nation that placed millions of African Americans in bondage despite its stated ideal of freedom,
in the conversation will place the work of abolitionists into a contemporary setting by reflecting on the obstacles that persists to today, when Americans were asked to live up to the founding promises of freedom and liberty for all.

[5:13] After that, the Boston Public Library will be hosting a talk at six PM with author Bill McEvoy about his book, Rainsford Island, Ah, Boston Harbor Case Study in Public Neglect and Private Activism.
Self published in January, his book delves deep into the decades when a small island in Boston Harbor was transformed from a quarantine hospital into the site of public city institutions that weren’t wanted in other neighborhoods, including hospitals, asylums and Reforma.
Tory’s Here’s what the BPL website says about the talk.

[5:47] Author Bill McEvoy explores the history of Rainsford Island in Boston Harbor,
beginning with private ownership from 16 36 to 17 36 then the province of Massachusetts Bay, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and finally the city of Boston.

[6:04] The island’s complex history is best told by segmenting its various periods.
Until 18 54 it was occasionally a place of quarantine as well as a summer resort for the wealthy.
In 18 54 while under the ownership of the Commonwealth, the island’s use took a turn.
Beginning 66 years as an offshore repository for Boston’s unwanted,
its inmates were victims of poverty, lack of health care, mental illness, senility, addiction, lack of proper housing, poor sanitary conditions, inability to pay a small fine,
been unable to find work incarcerated this poppers and unwed pregnant women,
we note to heroes Alice Lincoln and Louis BRANDEIS.
Their efforts resulted in the city ending Rainsford Island is a warehouse for the poor, the unwanted and the mentally ill.
Rainsford entered its final 26 years as the boy’s House of Reformation.
Further examples of inept management, cruelty, neglect and death of unfortunate boys ages 8 18 or documented sentences ranged from playing ball on Sundays to murder.
Those boys were commingled on the 11 acre island.

[7:22] The book is dedicated to the memory of all who were sent to Rainsford Island, especially those who remain buried there.
Still neglected but now not for gotten.
The book dedicates a chapter to those that never left the island in unmarked graves, including a War of 18 12 sailor, nine Civil War soldiers who died on active duty,
and 108 veterans of the Civil War, who died between 18 73 and 18 93.
14 of those veterans were African American. One was a member of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment.

[7:56] In the show notes This week We’ll have the links you need to register for either of this week’s upcoming events or to buy a copy of Sydney Per Lease.
Historic Storms of New England, This week’s Boston Book Club Pick Just Goto hub history dot com slash 206 for details.
Before I move on with the show, I just want to pause and say Thank you to our patryan sponsors.
When I started this show almost four years ago, I wouldn’t have believed you if you told me that we’d still be making hub history four years later, with thousands of weekly listeners, an active community on social media and, as of this week, a Boston preservation award,
we couldn’t have made it this far without our sponsors.
Our most dedicated listeners sign up to give us $2.5 dollars or even $10 a month on patryan toe offset the costs involved in making this free show, along with our fixed costs like Web hosting and transcription.
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Thanks again to all our new and returning sponsors.
And now it’s time for this week’s main topic.

Main Topic: Joseph Chapman, From Boston To La

[9:21] You may be wondering why we ran to rerun episodes in September.
Co host America. Nikki and I have been trying to get some camping trips in this fall since we can’t really travel anymore.
No trip to Washington to see my uncle get interred at Arlington National Cemetery.
No trips to Maine or the White Mountains and probably no tropical vacation for our 10th wedding anniversary this winter.
What’s most galling is that I’m probably not gonna be able to see my mother this year. It all I like traveling. I’m miss traveling.
So this week I’m telling a story that’s inspired by travel, both historic travel and my own.

[10:00] The late fall of 2018 Nikki and I went on a great trip to Southern California.
We flew into L. A. X and then drove to Las Vegas with lots of adventures along the way.
One of the first places we stopped on that trip was saying Gabriel Mission, just off the ITIN on the way out of L. A.
It’s a magnet for history lovers with original cistern, spread ovens and aqueducts in the courtyard, and an extensive museum with original artifacts and displays about daily life of the mission.
In the 18th century, while we were there, a groundskeeper was putting back a grapevine that was this big around as my waist of the base and had a sign saying it was planted in 17 74.
He even let us eat some of the tiny tart grapes that have provided the mission with sacramental wine for almost 250 years.
After making my way through the museum, I stepped outside the mission walls to get a picture of the compa Nerio, or wall of bells where the church is. Six bells are visible, mounted in the outer wall.
After I got my picture, I paused and read the historic marker plaque by some sort of stone artifact in the grassy area between the mission walls and the busy road.
It was the last remnant of a mill race that fed water to a nearby Gristmill.
Built in the 18 twenties, the plaque identified the mill is one of the first traces of the Industrial Revolution in California.

[11:26] The mill itself was bulldozed to make room for a housing development in the 19 forties, and for decades it was thought that all traces of the mill were lost forever.
Then, in 2000 and nine, the Alameda Corridor East Project began an archaeological survey.
The nearby Union Pacific Railroad tracks as part of a decades long, much larger project to make rail traffic play nicely with the densely settled neighborhoods of the San Gabriel Valley.
Ah, 1.4 mile long section of the track was going to be lowered into a 30 ft deep trench so would have less impact on surface traffic, much like our own orange lines that runs through the depressed southwest corridor. Trench.

[12:04] Archaeologists discovered the foundation of the mill, which was left in place, buried under a nearby residential street and they found the mill race, the eventual report on the survey says.
During an archaeological excavation in 2000 and 9 30 ft segment of the mill race was discovered roughly 25 ft south of the Union Pacific Railroad tracks, along with a much shorter section north of the tracks.
The remainder of the mill race was demolished by railroad, road and civic construction between 18 34 and the present.
Constructed out of procured stone and cement mortar, the primary remaining mill race segment measures roughly 6 ft wide, 30 ft long and 2.5 ft deep.
The mill race consists of a long, straight water conveyance feature that shaped like a squared you in cross section.

[12:56] Now that it was found, the remaining fragment of mill race had to be moved because it was right where the new railroad tracks we’re going to go.
Over the next few years, a plan was hatched toe, excavate the larger section of the mill race, stabilize it and move it.
It was eventually moved across the railroad tracks across the road and into the small park where I encountered it.
It was reinstalled in line with where period maps of the mission show the mill race running,
and then unveiled in a 2013 ceremony with descendants of the tongue of of people who are indigenous to the area and would have worked on building the mill and race as well as a descendant of the mills designer,
the Pasadena Star News wrote.
The 20 ft, 15 tons section of the historic mill race was relocated the Plaza Park and restored using rocks from the same area across the street from the mission where archaeologists found it, explained John Dealer, the lead archaeologist on the project.
The reconstructed mill race also has water flowing through it.

[13:59] This is really unique. We do excavations all the time, but this is once in a lifetime, Dealer said. I can’t think of any other example of a mission artifact that has been reconstructed and actually works.
What stopped me in my tracks, though, was a sentence on the historic marker stating that the mill had been designed and built by an American named Joseph Chapman, who was originally from the Boston area.

[14:24] And one of the displays in the Mission Museum, a caption says Called El Diablo or the Pirate.
By some, Chapman is considered to be the most popular man in early California.
Well, that got me hooked. Why was some Boston guy both a pirate devil and the most popular man in Alta, California?
Joseph Chapman’s later years air covered by Spanish, Mexican and American histories of California.
But his early life isn’t well documented.
Some articles say he was from Maine, and some say he was born in Ipswich.
About the most solid and reliable primary sources I could find was baptismal and marriage records that the Catholic missions of California in both Chapman listed CIA DOD to Boston.
The city of Boston is his birthplace.
His parents names were Daniel Andre Zenda and, according to a book of Chapman genealogy, several generations of Daniel Chapman’s lived in Ipswich, which may be where the confusion came in.

[15:27] A note on his baptismal record, also says that he had never been baptized before and continues,
that his sister, older and age, was not baptized until she was 20 years old, having requested it on her own shortly before marrying and finally having come to know that.
So her father, like her mother, were of the sect of the Anabaptists, whose heretics believe that Children should not be baptized before they reached the use of reason.
Anabaptists Sarah branch of Protestantism that descends from a persecuted German minority sect.
They do indeed practice adult baptism they treat. The sermon on the Mount is the core of their liturgy, and most Anabaptist churches air considered peace churches.
Today, the most recognized Anabaptist groups in the US are the Amish, Mennonite and Brethren Churches.
My family is actually from an Anabaptist tradition, and my mother still attends a Brethren church.
However, it would have been very unlikely for a family of Anabaptists to be living in Boston at the time of Joseph Chapman’s birth, sometime between 17 84 in 17 89.

[16:37] Throughout the late 17th and early 18th century, Cotton Mather and other Puritan minister’s tried to stamp out competing denominations like Quakers, Baptists and Anabaptists and past episodes.
We’ve heard how the Quaker martyrs were hanged on Boston common for professing their faith publicly, and we’ve heard how the Puritan authorities nailed the door of the First Baptist Church in Boston closed cotton.
Mather also railed against Anabaptists, calling them schismatic ALS scandalous, disorderly disturber of the peace,
under miners of the church’s neglect, er’s of the public worship of God on the Lord’s Day, idolaters and enemies to civil government.

[17:19] In no small part due to Mother’s efforts, a large community of Anabaptist never arose in Boston.
It’s possible that Chapman’s parents were secret Anabaptists. But it’s just a possible that something got lost in translation.
Perhaps, Chapman said that he was a Baptist, and the friar heard Anabaptist.
Or perhaps Chapman described the beliefs of a Quaker family, and the friar interpreted them as Anabaptist.
Either way, it’s unlikely that he was raised in an Anabaptist tradition in 18th century Boston.
Despite the lack of primary sources about his early life, Most profiles of Chapman agreed that he was trained as a ship right,
in 1956 article for the Historical Society of Southern California, Paul Scott wrote in the year that George Washington was elected president of the youthful United States, Joseph Chapman was born.
He was 11 years old when Washington died, and he had already learned to read and write so that he could be apprenticed early by his father, Daniel Chapman, toe a Boston ship right.

[18:23] From the year when George Washington died, 17 99. The historical record runs dry for almost two decades.
His apprenticeship likely lasted seven years, but Chapman doesn’t appear in print again until 18 18.
At some point in the intervening decades, Joseph Chapman went to see, most likely as a whaler.
He reappears, is the first mate on a ship called the Santa Rosa. There was involved in rating the California coast.
It was this expedition that earned him the title Pirate, and most articles about Chapman will call him a pirate.
However, one man’s pirate is another man’s freedom fighter, and the 18 18 raids are not a clear cut case of piracy.

[19:10] Hipolito Bouchard was a French born citizen of Argentina.
He fought Napoleon’s navy and campaigns in the English Channel, Mediterranean and Caribbean sees before becoming disillusioned with the French Revolution.
Meanwhile, a revolution was brewing against another European empire, and Bouchard sailed to Buenos Aires in 18 09 and threw in his lot with the Argentine rebels, who are fighting for independence against the Spanish Empire.
After winning citizenship through battlefield heroics in 18 13 Bouchard became an Argentine corsair in 18 15 leading naval campaigns against Spanish strongholds in Peru, Ecuador and Chile.
Over the next couple of years, he fought Pirates of Malaysia and conducted raids against the Spanish in the Philippines, finally heading into port in the Sandwich Islands in the summer of 18 18 in search of new crew members.
Many of Bouchard’s original crew had died in combat or of scurvy since leaving Argentina almost three years before.
And the sandwich islands now known as Hawaii, were an easy place to find sailors as long as you didn’t ask too many questions about where they came from.

[20:23] It was in Hawaii that Joseph Chapman joined Hipolito Bouchard’s crew.
Bouchard negotiated with Hawaii’s King Kamehameha, the first to reclaim an Argentine Corvette called the Santa Rosa that had been seized by mutineers and sold to the king.
When Bouchard took possession of the Santa Rosa, Chapman was either among the crew that a mutiny but not a ringleader, her or he was impressed against his will to serve on the Santa Rosa.
Given the fact that he would service the ships first made, I find it unlikely that he was impressed into service unwillingly, as you’ll see in a few minutes after settling in California, Chapman would have good reason to present himself as an unwilling member of Bouchard’s crew.
In the fall of 18 18 Bouchard took the Santa Rosa and his flagship La Argentina and sailed for the California coast.
By this time, Mexican gorillas have been fighting their own war for independence against the Spanish crown. For almost a decade.
However, the Frontier Settlements in Alta, California we’re barely affected, due in part to the deeply conservative nature of the mission system and in part to the territories, relative isolation and distance from Mexico City.

[21:35] The isolated but prosperous ports of California seemed ripe for the picking. But Bouchard didn’t know that the Presidio’s had been warned of his approach.
An article from the California Missions Resource Center explains that in October of that year, an American ship, the Clarion, had arrived in Santa Barbara from the Sandwich Islands.
The ship’s captain was a friend of the Presidio commandant, Jose de la Guerra.
In Noriega, he warned Don Jose that an Argentinian backed privateer, Hipolito Bouchard, was planning an attack on California.
The Spanish Presidio’s missions and pueblos were put on high alert.
The governor ordered lookouts to be posted a 25 strategic locations along the coast.
As always, the actual work fell to the Indians.

[22:25] Hipolito Bouchard, with two heavily armed ships and 350 men, did attack in November 18 18.

[22:33] Most accounts of the Bouchard raids on the California coast straddle the line between history and legend, and this description from 18 83 history of Santa Barbara is no exception.

[22:45] One day in the year 18 18 a vessel was seen approaching the town of Monterey.
As she came nearer, she was seen to be armed, her decks swarming with men, and she flew some unknown flag arriving within gunshot.
She opened fire on the town, and her fire was answered from the battery while the lancer stood ready to repel a landing. If it should be attempted or covered the retreat of the families in case there effort, a repulsed should be unsuccessful.
For Spain was a piece with every maritime nation, and the traditions of the atrocities committed by the Buccaneers at the end of the 17th century on the Spanish main were familiar to the people.
After some firing, the strange vessel appeared to be injured by the fire from the battery and bore away and disappeared.
The alarm spread along the coast is fast. A swift riders could carry it, and all the troops at every point were ordered to be on the alert.
The strange craft next appeared off the Ortega ranch, situated on the sea shore up of Santa Barbara, and landed.
Some men who, while plundering the ranch, were surprised by some soldiers from Santa Barbara and before they could regain their boats. Some four or five were captured.

[23:55] She next appeared off San Juan Capistrano, landed and plundered the mission and sailed away and was never heard off more.
All that is known of her is that she was a Buenos Aryan privateer and that her captain was a Frenchman named Bouchard,
one of the men who was captured either in the first artillery duel between the Santa Rosa and Ashore battery at a ranch near Santa Barbara or at San Juan Capistrano.
Depending on the source, you believe was Joseph Chapman.

[24:26] Paul Scott’s 1956 article for the Historical Society of California describes Chapman’s arrival in California and in the count that’s no less embellished with legend. Thin the 18 83 version, his article said.
Unfortunately, Joseph Chapman’s entrance into his California promised land was anything but auspicious.
He was second in command of the Santa Rosa during the insurgents attack upon Monterey.
In 18 18 Chapman was probably the fall guy, the expendable one who with Tom Fisher, an African American,
when ashore under a flag of truce toe order Governor Sola, either to a surrender or be joined the revolution.
Sola, you thought the minute come to surrender promptly accused them of lies and deceits and threw them into the calla bozo.
Stephen C. Foster, journalist of the seventies, gives a dramatic account of how Joseph Chapman was last.
So during the later pirate attack on the Ortega Rancho at the Rifugio landing and was saved from death by the beautiful Guadalupe Ortega, whom he afterward married,
his Mexican captors had preferred to drag him to death behind their horses.

[25:38] Joseph’s own explanation when he was interested in his conversion and wish to present his best face to the world states that he had been impressed in the Bouchard’s expedition of the Sandwich Islands,
a cynic might say that he was impressed indeed, by a promised share in the gold of Concord, California Even Joseph does not tell why he was released from jail in Monterey.

[26:02] Among his descendants, there is a story handed down a very simple one for more than a century after his landing.
Graziosa Els All day. Now an elderly woman living in Santa Barbara says her mother, Louisa, could speak with authority of family tradition because her mother was favor Rosa Chapman,
born in 18 39 9th child of Joseph and Guadalupe Chapman.
And this is the account which Graziosa Els all day great granddaughter of Joseph Chapman gives.
Yes, great grandfather Joseph was the officer imprisoned by Solar at Monterey, but he was released the next day when Bouchard’s crew captured in sack the town.
He stayed with the marauders till the refugee of landing, but have been astonished by the essential honesty and kindness of the Californians.
Their practice of Christian charity and his mild treatment at Monterey when his captures could have tortured her.
Hanged him is a common pirate Joseph simply escape from the ship at Rifugio made his way up the canyon and over the past two mission, Santa Ynez, They’re the Friars hit him and befriended him.
They’re Antonio Maria. Luego found him like to straightforward appearance and offered to sponsor him if he would work on the Plaza Church in Los Angeles.
This less dramatic story of Joseph Chapman’s rescue is probably the way it really happened.

[27:24] Whichever version of his capture is correct. Chapman was almost immediately paroled, which is given Liberty to move about freely as long as he promised not to leave California.
He almost immediately got busy building a life for himself there and pitching in to help out the colony. When asked in 18 21 he was officially freed, though he had already been pretty free, especially for a supposedly imprisoned pirate.
With Mexico’s independence from the Spanish Empire. Chapman and all Anglo American prisoners were granted amnesty almost immediately.
Governor Pablo Vicente de Sola came calling, asking for Chapman’s help in building a fulling mill at Mission Santa Ynez, northwest of Santa Barbara.

[28:10] About two years before a water powered Gristmill have been constructed at the mission.
The Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation has a page about the historic mills that says,
In 18 19 Father Francisco Xavier de la Concepcion Urea called for the construction of a water powered Gristmill in an effort to increase agricultural production at Mission Santa Ynez.
By 18 22 stone reservoirs in a stone mill building were built into the slope of a small hill above Alamo Pinto Creek, about half a mile from the church.
Water was supplied by an Earth and ditch, or Sanja, that diverted water from Sanja, Dakota Creek, more than three miles away.
The mill was oven ancient design, using AH horizontal wheel powered by a water jet to turn a millstone attached to its axle.
It was used to grind wheat, oats and barley into flour and corn into meal.
You may recall, from Episode 59 about the mother, Brooke and Edmund Hyde Park, that a fulling mill was designed to improve the quality of wool cloth, which was important in the mission system that raised many sheep.

[29:20] Cloth woven out of wool is soaked in a solution of diatomaceous earth and urine.
Then it’s fed into the mill, where rounded wooden hammers pounded as it’s drawn through the machine.
The process scours and thickens the cloth, making it stronger and more waterproof.
Chapman was able to design and build such a mill from scratch, so there’s very little in his background to indicate that he was a skilled mill designer.
All the articles about Chapman say that he was apprenticed to a ship right in Boston as a teenager, But his baptismal records in California said he was learning to be,
the carpenter Tero D’Rivera, which roughly translates to a carpenter of the riverbed.

[30:03] Given the Spar city of reliable historic sources about his early life, I wonder if the reference to his being a ship rights apprentice is actually a mis translation of this phrase.
Maybe it was intended to mean that his apprenticeship had something to do with water power, no matter how he came by the ability the fulling mill, it Santa Ynez was impressive enough to establish.
Joseph Chapman is a gentleman of substance and to make his reputation as an engineer with more projects to follow and to make his reputation as an engineer with more projects to follow.
The following year, 18 22 would be a big one for Chapman.
In short order, he got baptized, got married, moved to Los Angeles and helped build the first church in that city.
His baptism is a Catholic opened the door for him to be employed within the mission system, as well as opening the door to romance with the proper young ladies of Southern California.
On June 24th, Joseph John Chapman of Boston became Jose Juan Chapman E Cannata, and on November 22nd he married Guadalupe Ortega of the Presidio of Santa Barbara.
Writing in 18 91 of later events in Chapman’s life, Alfred Robinson describes Jose Juan in his life in California.

[31:24] He was one of the crew on board the Pi radical cruiser that attack Monterey, at which time he was taken prisoner and had lived in the country ever since.
From his long residents, he had acquired a mongrel language English, Spanish and Indian being so intermingled in a speech that was difficult to understand them.
Although illiterate, his great ingenuity and honest department has acquired for him the esteem of the Californians and a connection of marriage with one of the first families in the country.
That first family of California was Guadalupe’s father, Don Jose Vicente Ortega,
who owned Rancho Rifugio AH 41 square mile land grant today Santa Barbara County, that have been granted to his father by Spanish King Charles the fourth.

[32:11] In Scots 1956 article, which we know by now to take with a grain of salt.
He describes how the couple met in courted Graziosa.
Ella’s. Aldi’s mother also told her how Joseph the Americano first met Guadalupe Hiss senorita.
Beloved Maria Guadalupe Ortega was extremely religious and a member of the Santa Ynez perish with her aunts and her cousins, she often rode over the past to launder and mend the church linens.
She may even have met Joseph on the day in December when he came knocking at the mission door, asking the privilege of surrender because she and her family had certainly fled from the pirates up Refugio past the mission before the prosperous ranch buildings could be burned.
She was not quite 22. Adan Sela, dedicated to her family in the church,
but big, blond and handsome Joseph than 34 changed her mind when he sent his representative Antonio Maria luego toe airworthy uncles to beggar hand in marriage.
She bore him 11 Children, all but one of whom were healthy and happy.

[33:17] In the first year of their marriage, the couple moved to the Pueblo of Los Angeles, which was then a town of about 1000 people.
That year, Jose Juan volunteered to help rebuild and expand the town’s original church, hauling logs out of the San Gabriel Mountains on ox cards.
That effort caught the attention of father Jose Bernardo Sanchez, who ran the mission. I started a partnership that would last for years.
As a white man, Chapman moved easily between missions and between Mission and secular town.
But it wasn’t that easy for the indigenous Californians who entered the mission system around San Gabriel. The native people mostly belonged to the Tongan tribe.
The Tongans had tried to fight off the first missionaries who arrived in 17 71.
But within a few years, many tribe members were lured into the mission with the promise of food, trade goods or the promise of a better life.

[34:14] Under the mission system, the natives were not legally enslaved. But after being baptized, there were no longer Frito leave. The mission’s either.
They were forced to labor growing crops and raising livestock, while all the while the Franciscan missionaries tried to eradicate all traces of their indigenous culture and language.

[34:33] Jose Juan Chapman became a willing participant in the system with Robinson’s life in California, recounting how,
Father Sanchez of San Gabriel used to say that Chapman could get more work out of the Indians and his unintelligible tongue than all the major domo is put together,
was president.
On one occasion when he wished to dispatch an Indian to the beach at San Pedro with his ox wagon, trashing him to return a soon as possible, his directions ran somewhat. In this manner.
Ventura famous trailers bios Go down to the playa and come back as quick as you can, Plato.

[35:11] When you marvel is I did it the work. Chapman accomplished that San Gabriel mission between 18 21 and 18 23.
You have to measure against the unfree labor of the Tong Vince. It took to complete the task even before moving his family from Santa Barbara to the Pueblo of Los Angeles.
Chapman had already been tasked by Governor Solo with rebuilding. San Gabriel is Chris Mill.
A 2012 archaeological report for the National Park Service describes the original grist mill that existed at the San Gabriel Mission before Jose Chapman was assigned to replace it.
The irrigation system became more complex following the arrival of master masons and potters from Mexico in the 17 nineties who are able to construct substantial structures with stone and fired tiles set in mortar.
This led to construction of the San Gabriel Missions First Gristmill, which was constructed under the direction of father Jose Maria DiSalvo DEA in 18 16.
The mill was a dramatic improvement over the manual grain processing that the mission had previously relied upon.
It was built northwest of the mission of the confluence of two small arroyos and present day San Marino.
This facility later. Known as El Molino Viejo, the old mill was the first water propelled Gristmill in the state.

[36:30] Now that old mill may have been an improvement over grinding grain by hand, but it left a lot to be desired.
Writing in the California Historical Quarterly in 1974 Jean Bruce Ward and Gary Currents described the work completed by Padres all Fadia Salva Dia M Planning.
The mill employed is a basic design, the Spanish style tub mill powered by ah horizontal water wheel.
Contrary to local histories, introduction of this type of Gristmill was not without precedent.
A tub mill, ground wheat and pulverized bone for fertilizer at Mission San Jose in Texas as early A 17 30.

[37:10] In California horizontal water wheels turn the millstones at Santa Cruz, San Luis Obispo and San Antonio de Padoa.
Examination of Mission archives indicates that California’s first water powered Gristmill was constructed in Northern California at Santa Cruz.
Built in 17 94 it predated the Saint Gabriel Mill by at least a generation mission.
Padres, operating in a frontier environment and dependent upon Indian labor and their own limited mechanical knowledge, utilize the tub bill because of its simplicity.

[37:45] Composed of a minimum number of parts, it proved more advantageous to build than the well known New England style mill, with its gearing and vertical or overshot wheel.
As alluded to previously, the bill operated on simple engineering principles.
Water captured from Los Robles and Milk Canyon streams powered the water wheel.
The Franciscans expert in irrigation first directed the stream water to a small dam above the mill.
From there, ditches channeled water through a race toe, a sister and a reservoir located on the west wall.
This funnel shaped cistern approximately 15 ft deep, 10 ft wide at the top and 4 ft wide at the bottom, held in enormous quantity of water, which is stored until ready for use.
Remains of the sister in mill race can still be seen today.
The next process. The operation of the mill, was best described by Alexander Forbes in 18 39.
This description, while the earliest dealing with the mechanical operations of a California mill, is extremely lucid.

[38:49] The mills for grinding flour and Upper California are but few and of the most primitive construction, but none better are to be found in the other parts of Spanish America.
These mills consists of an upright axle to the lower end of which is fixed, a horizontal water wheel placed under the building and to the upper end, the millstone.
And as there is no intermediate machinery to increase the velocity, it’s evident that the millstone could make only the same number of revolutions is the water wheel.
This makes it necessary that the water wheel should be a very small diameter.
Otherwise, no power of water thrown upon it could make it go it a rate sufficient to give the millstone the requisite velocity.
It is therefore, made a very small dimensions and constructed in the following manner a set of what is called Kottaras, or spoons air stuck into the periphery of the wheel, which serve in place of float boards.
They’re made of pieces of timber and something of the shape of spoons that handles being inserted into mortis is on the edge of the wheel,
and the bulls of the spoons made to receive the water, which spouts on them late early and forces round the small wheel with nearly the whole velocity of the water, which impinges upon it.

[40:01] Indian laborers then poured the grain into a hopper. Mr.
Jackson, in his book Mills of Yesteryear, describes this action. In the following passage, the hopper, supported by a wooden framework slightly above and off center from the stones, fed the grain to them by means of a small trough.
The grain, in turn, poured from a spout at the base of the lower stone into a barrel like receptacle after serving. Its purpose that spent mill water was conveyed by a lower ditch to nearby fields.

[40:33] While the work that Salva Dia and his Tongan laborers completed was impressive, it had two critical flaws.
As warden, currents continue.
Although constructed with permanency in mind, the Padres of San Gabriel replaced the mill in 18 23.
During its seven years of service to irritating problems arose.
The basic design of the mill was an obvious drawback as all Spanish style mills operated at an extremely slow speed.
The horizontally mounted waterwheel required a large quantity of water to turn it, and in a short time the supply was exhausted.
Furthermore, one revolution of the wheel represented only one turn of the stone, and only a small amount of grain could be milled in one day.
Criticism of the tub mill design was not uncommon. Such mills in New England were described as equally inefficient and slow.
At Mission San Jose de Bexar and Bexar County, Texas.
The Millers became so impatient that they switched from water power to Indian manpower.
The mills simplicity, however, assured its place in minor settlements.

[41:43] In addition to the slow speed of the mill dampness permeated the building for El Molino. Vallejo’s builders had located the structure above a small natural spring.
Hiram Read postulated that the position was chosen with the thoughts of providing a water supply in case the mill was besieged by hostile Indians.
Nonetheless, the spring dampened the walls and probably cause a certain amount of mildew, therefore, making storage of grain on the lower level difficult.
It is probable, however, the underground grain was stored there, while the grist was kept in the granary on the upper level.

[42:20] Despite the slow speed and dampness, it’s most likely that the advent of a superior mill design in California caused the relegation of El Molino bajo to a secondary role in San Gabriel.
In 18 21 Joseph Chapman, a reclaimed member of a pirate community which sailed the California coast in the 18 twenties,
and who has described as the Yankee jack of all trades, built a mill at Mission Santa Ynez, powered by a vertical overshot waterwheel.
An important feature of Chapman’s mill was its bevel gearing, which enabled the millstones to turn in a much faster rate than the water wheel and thereby grind a greater quantity of wheat than the tub mill.
On September 25th, 18 21 Governor Armando Sola, impressed by Chapman’s demonstrated mechanical acumen, ordered that the pilot prisoner be sent to build a Millot San Gabriel like that he had built at Santa Ynez.

[43:16] Chapman conveniently located the new mill just south of the Mission Quadrangle, and finished construction around 18 23.
Thus, in one short decade, milling at San Gabriel had progressed to the semi sophisticated horizontal wheel introduced by Chapman.

[43:33] The 2012 National Park Service report details some of the improvements Chapman made beyond the use of a vertical wheel and bevel gearing to transfer the movement of the wheels horizontal shaft to a vertical shaft to spend the millstone,
It says Chapman used existing infrastructure for the foundations of his new mill in its mill race.
Archaeological data indicate that is saying Gabriel Mill used the walls of two earlier water reservoirs to frame its foundation, and he situated the mill in the center of the garden to take advantage of pre existing water lines.
Completed in 18 23 it came to be called Chapman’s Mill.
It stood about 246 ft south of the mission and featured a 13.5 ft diameter undershot waterwheel housing a masonry chamber that drove large millstones in a separate gear room.
Chapman dug the wheel pit low into the ground to gain as much power from the rushing water is possible, and created high foundation walls to keep water out of the mill itself.
To avoid humidity, the grinding stones were made of either granite or, say, a night boulders from the Santa Anita Canyon.
We’re roughly 3.5 ft in diameter and about 1 ft thick.

[44:44] Some accounts say that Jose Chapman was paid 300 pesos for his work on each mill.
However much his payment was, it was enough for him to buy a large adobe home near Mission San Gabriel in 18 24 setting out a vineyard of 4000 vines.
In the coming decades, the Chapman Ortega family would continue growing a substantial fortune as Jose Juan sold real estate and worked as a carpenter in blacksmith over those same decades, who had also lived through two major transitions in California.
Life, Secularization and Americanization.
While Joseph Chapman landed in California during the midst of the Mexican war for independence, the struggle went on for years.
Mostly far from Alta, California.

[45:30] Mexico became an independent state in 18 21 but major change didn’t come too far away. California until five years later.
In 18 25 Jose Maria Dhe India became the first Mexican born democratically elected governor of California, and in 18 26 he issued a proclamation of emancipation.
All California natives were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become citizens of Mexico.
During the next few years, further decrees would expel all white Spaniards over a certain age and began breaking up mission lands either for sale or for the use of indigenous people.
A secularization began. Jose Juan Chapman hadn’t encounter in 18 27 that presaged the next major transformation of California.
The previous year, the Mexican government of California was surprised by visitors from the East.
In his history of California. James Miller, Gwen wrote, The Californians had grown accustomed to foreigners coming to the country by sea, but they were not prepared to have them come over land.
The mountains and deserts the intervene between the United States in California were supposed to be an insurmountable barrier to foreign immigration by land.
It was no doubt, with feelings of dismay mingled with anger, the governor s Jandi a received the advanced guard of mauled Ito restaurant heros who came across the continent.

[46:59] That s Tron. Herro was an American trapper named Jedidiah Smith who come over the Rockies and then south from the Great Salt Lake in search of a trading route that would allow pelts to be shipped out of a Pacific port instead of packed all the way back to ST Louis.
Each year, after stumbling across a couple of mission Neophytes in the Mojave Desert.
His party got directions to San Gabriel, and Father Sanchez welcomed him with a lavish dinner on November 27th, 18 26.

[47:29] Three days later, Smith’s diary recorded Mr Chapman.
The Americans spoken of by the father came from the Village of the Angels, accompanied by Captain Anderson of the Break Olive Branch and the Super cargo Mr Scott, Mr Scott being a good translator, I was able to make my situation fully known.
I soon ascertained that nothing could be done until the arrival of an answer from the governor at San Diego during these first days in California.
Smith also noted, the Indian inhabitants are kept in the strictest order, being punished severely for the most trifling a fence or neglect.
They’re whipped like slaves, the whip being used by an Indian, a soldier standing by with a sword to see that it’s faithfully done.

[48:16] Smith would be taken to San Diego, where he asked the governor for permission to seek a coastal route north to Oregon, where known trails would take him back to American territory.

[48:27] While Smith was in San Diego waiting for the governor’s decision, his party waited at San Gabriel, where Harrison G.
Rogers, the clerk and quartermaster of the expedition, got to know Chapman a bit better the day after New Year’s 18 27. He wrote Tuesday, The second still it the mission of San Gabriel.
Nothing new has taken place today.
The men commenced work again this morning for the old Padre.
No news from Mr Smith. Friendship and peace still prevail.
Mr. Joseph Chapman, a Bostonian by birth who was married in this country and brought over to the Catholic faith, came here about 10 o’clock a M two super intend the burning of a culprit for the priest.
He is getting wealthy being what we term a Yankee. He is a jack of all trades and naturally a very ingenious man.
Under those circumstances, he gets many favors from the priest by super intending the building of mills, blacksmithing and many other branches of mechanism.
The next day. Rogers also noted the cruel treatment of the mission Indians writing,
There was five or six Indians brought to the mission and whipped, and one of them being stubborn and did not like to submit to the lash, was knocked down by the commandant, tied and severely whipped, then chained by the leg to another Indian had been guilty of a similar offenses.

[49:47] Before Smith rejoined the party and the party left for the journey back across the desert, Rodgers recorded several trips into the mountains with Chapman to cut wood for charcoal.
Also taking the opportunity to hunt for deer and ducks, Chapman showed him the mission soap works where Lie Solution was boiled down and progressively smaller kettles from 2500 gallons all the way down to two gallons.

[50:12] Chapman also told the Explorer about the nearby La Brea tar pits, which Rogers described as a natural pitch mine where there is from 40 to 50 Hog’s heads of pitch thrown up from the bowels of the Earth daily.
The citizens of the country make great use of it to pitch the roofs of their houses.
He showed me a piece which have the smell of coal more than any other thing I could describe.

[50:35] While Rogers and the rest of the party gallivanting around San Gabriel, Smith was receiving bad news in San Diego.
Instead of being allowed to travel north to Oregon, he was commanded to leave California, the way he came through the Mojave Desert and over the mountains.
As you return to Saint Gabriel to prepare for his departure, he wrote in company with Mr Chapman.
I moved on to the mission of San Gabriel, where I found my party. All well, I must not omit the cordial welcome with which I was received by Father Sanchez.
He seemed to rejoice in my good fortune and well sustained the favorable opinion I had formed of him.
You are now says he to pass again that miserable country. And if you do not prepare yourself well for it, it is your own fault.
If there is anything you want and that I have let me know and it shall be at your service.
I thanked him for his kindness and made every exertion to start as soon as possible.

[51:34] Increasing contact with American trappers and others interested in the resource is of California helped inspire the last major construction project that Chapman’s known to have undertaken in his history of California.
Gwen, explains Father Sanchez of Saint Gabriel. Mission was an enterprising man, awake thio every opportunity to make money for his mission.
He had long looked with disfavor on the encroachment of the Russian and American for traders and hunters.
The sea Otter was being exterminated, and but little profit had come to the Californians for this valued poultry.

[52:09] So in 18 31 Father Sanchez would task Jose Chapman with building a schooner at ST Gabriel that could be used in hunting seals and sea otters off the California coast.
There are only mildly hampered by the fact that Saint Gabriel is not, in fact, located on the coast.
Richards gives what’s generally considered the best account of the vessels construction and launch in his life in California, Ah launch was to take place at San Pedro of the second vessel ever constructed in California.
She was a schooner of about 60 tons that have been entirely framed at San Gabriel and fitted for subsequent completion at San Pedro.
Every piece of temper had been human. Fitted 30 miles from the place and brought down to the beach upon carts.
She was called Guadalupe in honor of the patron saint of Mexico and one notes in honor of Chapman’s wife, Guadalupe Richards continues,
and as the affair was considered quite an important era in the history of the country, many were invited from far and near toe witness it.
Her builder was a Yankee named Joseph Chapman, who served his apprenticeship with the Boston boat builder.

[53:21] As migrants from the U. S began to take a more central role in California life, and as the mission that Jose Chapman had attached himself to waned in power, he began to fade from the historic record.
Paul Scott’s biographical sketch records thes twilight years.

[53:39] Joseph watched the mission’s perish after 18 32. His favorite, Padre Sanchez, before the priest’s death, must have worn Joseph to go to his ranch, so the Chapman family moved not to the ranch.
Joseph must be forever tinkering, repairing and building.
But to Santa Barbara, where the Padres gave him the old hide house on the beach atop what’s now called Burton Mound with such a view of the mountains and sea as would melt the heart.
In 18 38 Governor Alvarado gave Joseph Chapman, now a well known and useful citizen member of the powerful Ortega family,
a square league of land in San Pedro Colony on the Santa Clara River, 10 miles east of Mission Sand Buenaventura.
It may have been near or part of the 13,320 acres Sanchez Rancho, in which Guadalupe’s mother hadn’t airs interest.

[54:34] In 18 40 after Joseph sold his remodeled hide house on Burton Mound to George Never, he built in Adobe on his lot a half mile from the sea.
The location in Santa Barbara today is 1 82 East Haley Street.

[54:49] In 18 46 war broke out between Mexico and the United States, although word of the conflict didn’t arrive in Alta, California, for months after the initial hostilities along the Texas Mexico border within exploring party from the U.
S. Army scouting along the California Oregon border and the Mexican Army busy fighting the Americans along the Rio Grande, the rest of American settlers in California saw a chance to act.
On June 14th, about 30 men took over a Mexican military outpost.
It’s Sonoma, and they raised a new flag that Paul Revere’s grandson, Joseph Warren Revere, later described as,
a grizzly bear rampant with one straight below and the words Republic California, above the bear and a single star in the union.
With that, they proclaimed California a republic. By early July, the rebels numbered over 300 they’ve been joined by the US Army Scouting Party under John C. Freemont.
Together, they took over San Francisco, known then as your Balbuena.
On July 2nd, 18 46 Ah U s fleet that was cruising the California coast under Commodore John D.
Slowed used word of the bear flag republic as a pretext to sail under Monterey Harbor and take over on July 7th, slow read a proclamation claiming all of Upper California in the name of the U. S. Government and raised an American flag.

[56:13] Joseph Warren Revere later wrote that on July 9th had the honor to hoist the flag at Sonoma As the bear flag was replaced by the Stars and Stripes, the California Republic ceased to exist after just 25 days.

[56:29] The war dragged on for months in Southern California, with Los Angeles changing hands multiple times until Mexican forces capitulated in January 18 47.
In 18 48 the treaty officially ending the war gave the US possession of California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and Colorado.
Mexican citizens living in those territories were given the choice of moving across the new border into Mexico, smaller territory or becoming U. S citizens.

[57:01] In the last year of his life, Jose Juan Chapman, that converted Catholic and naturalized Mexican, became once again Joseph Chapman, the American citizen.
His feelings on the Americanization of California aren’t recorded, and, as Paul Scott notes, he only enjoyed his new citizenship status. For a brief time.
It was in the humble adobe built by his own hands that Joseph Chapman, the California pioneer, died on January 9th, 18 49.
He was buried the next day in the cemetery at Mission Santa Barbara, the first American to be interred there.
In his lifetime. He’d seen the downfall of Spanish power, the disintegration of the missions, the Debauch mint and death of the Indians, and the defeat of the Mexicans by the Americans.
We’ll give the last word to California historian H.
H. Bancroft, who said Among all the earliest pioneers of California, there was no more attractive character, no more popular and useful man than Joseph Chapman, the Yankee.

Wrap-Up

[58:07] To learn more about Jose Juan Chapman’s adventures from Boston to Hawaii to Southern California, check out this week’s show Notes.
Hub history dot com slash 206 I’ll have links to the sources I used, including modern news stories about the relocation of Chapman’s mill race.
The 2012 Archaeological Report.
Warden Kurtz is some new thoughts on an old mill, Paul Scott’s biography of Chapman Robinson’s life in California, Thompson and West history of Santa Barbara County and more.

[58:41] I’ll also include historic maps and diagrams of San Gabriel Mission in its mills, as well as photos that I took it San Gabriel in the fall of 2018.
We’ll also include information about the suspicious fire that devastated the Mission Church of Saint Gabriel this July.
And of course, we’ll have links to information about our upcoming events and Sidney Per Lease. Historic Storms of New England, this week’s Boston Book Club pick.
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